If the magnetic dipole moment of an atom of diamagnetic material, paramagnetic material and ferromagnetic material is denoted by μ d , μ p and μ f respectively, then

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The magnetic dipole moment of a diamagnetic material is zero as each of its pair of electrons has opposite spins, i.e., $μ_{d} = 0 .$ Paramagnetic substances have dipole moment > 0, i.e., $μ_{p} \neq 0$ , because of the excess of electrons in its molecules spinning in the same direction.

Ferromagnetic substances are very strong magnets and they also have a permanent magnetic moment, i.e., $μ_{f} \neq 0 .$

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