A definite mass of a monoatomic ideal gas at 1 bar and 27°C expands against vacuum from 1.2 dm³ to 2.4 dm³. The change in free energy of the gas, ΔG, is (R = 0.08 bar-L/K-mol, ln 2 = 0.7)

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n = PV/RT = 1 × 1.2/(0.08 × 300) = 0.05 mol. Free expansion of an ideal gas is isothermal, and G is a state function, so ΔG = nRT ln(P₂/P₁) = nRT ln(V₁/V₂) = 0.05 × 0.08 × 300 × ln(1/2) = −0.84 bar-L = −84 J. Matches (d).

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