Chemistry - Solid State Question with Solution | TestHub

If $observeddensity<idealdensity$, it means some mass is missing or extra vacant sites are present.

Schottky defect: An equal number of cations and anions are missing, so density decreases. Substitutional impurity: If lower mass atoms replace original atoms, density can decrease.

Metal deficiency defect: Missing metal ions reduce mass, so density decreases.

Frenkel defect: Ions only shift to interstitial sites; mass remains the same, so density does not decrease.