The diagram represents ligand-centred one-electron oxidation of a bound dioxygen unit at a redox-inert d¹⁰ metal M. Ancillary ligands are unchanged and the dioxygen binding mode is retained. Use the isolated O₂²⁻/O₂⁻ MO model.

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Oxidation removes an electron from an antibonding π* orbital of peroxide. The dioxygen fragment becomes superoxide, increasing bond order by ½ and producing one unpaired electron. The redox event is on the ligand, not M. A stronger O−O bond normally has a higher, not lower, stretching frequency.

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