Permanent hardness of water can be removed by which of the following process?

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TestHub · Accepted Answer

Washing soda removes both the temporary and permanent hardness by converting soluble calcium and magnesium compounds into insoluble carbonates.
$C a C l_{2} + N a_{2} C O_{3} \to C a C O_{3} + 2 N a C l$
$C a S O_{4} + N a_{2} C O_{3} \to C a C O_{3} + N a_{2} S O_{4}$
$C a (H C O_{3})_{2} + N a_{2} C O_{3} \to C a C O_{3} + 2 N a H C O_{3} .$

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