Which reactions are disproportionation? (a) 2Cu⁺ → Cu²⁺ + Cu; (b) 3MnO₄²⁻ + 4H⁺ → 2MnO₄⁻ + MnO₂ + 2H₂O; (c) 2KMnO₄ → K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂; (d) 2MnO₄⁻ + 3Mn²⁺ + 2H₂O → 5MnO₂ + 4H⁺.

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In (a), Cu⁺ forms Cu²⁺ and Cu. In (b), manganate(VI) forms permanganate(VII) and MnO₂(IV); both are disproportionations.

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